For permission requests, please contact NEJM Reprints at [email protected] The shunt equation may be expressed as follows 9: where Q = total cardiac output in liters per minute; Qs = shunt flow in ...
Patients younger than 60 years with patent foramen ovale (PFO)-related stroke who have both an atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) and a large shunt benefit stand to benefit more from PFO closure than those ...
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