Effective learning isn't just about finding the easiest path—it's about the right kind of challenge. Two prominent theories—Desirable Difficulties (DDF) and Cognitive Load Theory (CLT)—offer valuable ...

Giosuè Baggio is in the Language Acquisition and Language Processing Lab, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim NO-7491, Norway. Binz et al. explore horizontal integration ...

In education, as in psychology, clarity matters. Yet in everyday conversations about teaching and learning, terms like learning theory and pedagogy are often used interchangeably. Phrases such as “We ...

Human memory and attention are core cognitive functions that shape perception, learning, and decision-making. And whilst decades of research have provided ...