If your introduction to digital electronics came more years ago than you’d care to mention, the chances are you did so with 5V TTL logic. Above 2V but usually pretty close to 5V is a logic 1, below ...

When designing a system, one of the most important design decisions is choosing what voltage domain(s) to use. Some voltage domains, such as 5 V, are good for noisy and harsh operating environments ...

Voltage level shifters are pivotal components in modern CMOS integrated circuits, facilitating robust interfacing between domains operating at disparate voltage levels. Recent advancements in this ...