The three-terminal TL431 voltage regulator is commonly found in switching power converters and instrumentation as a voltage reference. It is seemingly simple, yet has subtleties, including missing ...

Fig 1. This voltage regulator circuit (a) uses green LEDs as both the stabilization elements and as the voltage indicators at the front-panel switch (b). Fig 2. The addition of resistor R4 to the ...

We submerge somewhat deeper into analysis of the seemingly simple TL431 voltage reference with transconductance amplifier to find that some useful design parameters are missing from the manufacturer ...