Jan 3, 2023 · Think of a cytokine as a key and the receptor on the receiving cell like a lock. When the cytokine (key) enters the cytokine receptor (lock), the receiving cell receives a message that tells it …

The effect of a particular cytokine on a given cell depends on the cytokine, its extracellular abundance, the presence and abundance of the complementary receptor on the cell surface, and downstream …

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Aug 5, 2025 · The term “cytokine” refers to a broad class of molecules, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, colony-stimulating factors, chemokines, and growth factors.

The clinical significance of cytokines, factors affecting cytokine quantification, and advances of cytokine detection are summarized, providing a prospective for real‐time quantification of multiplex cytokines …

Dec 19, 2025 · Cytokine, any of a group of small, short-lived proteins that are released by one cell to regulate the function of another cell, thereby serving as intercellular chemical messengers.

This action may occur in an autocrine (acts on same cell), paracrine (acts on nearby cell) or endocrine (acts on distant cell; not the normal manner for cytokine responses) manner.

Cytokine storm, or cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in severe COVID-19 cases results from a dysregulated immune response, marked by delayed production of type-I and type-III IFNs and a …

Jan 15, 2026 · Cytokine storm represents a severe, often life-threatening systemic inflammatory syndrome characterized by elevated levels of cytokines that lead to organ damage. In this Primer, …

Apr 6, 2023 · To summarize, cytokines are essential protein-based regulators of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, and abnormal cytokine levels or aberrations in their signaling pathways …